INSTALL.md

@@ -1,474 +0,0 @@
-# Installation Tutorial
-
-To follow this course, an installation of **PostgreSQL 13** or higher is expected.
-
-The following is a detailed tutorial as to
-    how to install and set up a Postgres server
-    on an [Ubuntu Linux](https://ubuntu.com) machine
-    that is run **[virtually <img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_wiki.png">](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_machine)**
-    on the student's own laptop or workstation by [VirtualBox](https://www.virtualbox.org/).
-VirtualBox is freely available for all major operating systems
-    (i.e., MacOS, Linux, and Windows).
-It is used in this course as then each student should be able
-    to follow the further installation instructions below easily
-    and end up having a development environment similar to the instructor's one.
-Of course, students may also use any other way of setting up a PostgreSQL server;
-    most notably, they may install it on their machine *without* a virtualization.
-
-
-## Install VirtualBox
-
-Go to [virtualbox.org](https://www.virtualbox.org/),
-    download the latest version of VirtualBox for your operating system,
-    and install it according to the instructions given there.
-
-
-## Create a new Virtual Machine
-
-First, go to [ubuntu.com](https://ubuntu.com/download/desktop),
-    download the latest version (i.e., 21.04 at the time of this writing)
-        of **Ubuntu Desktop** (i.e., *not* server),
-    and proceed with the following steps.
-Ubuntu is available for free;
-    the name of the downloaded file should be something like "*ubuntu-21.04-desktop-amd64.iso*"
-    (i.e., one big ISO file).
-This file represents the contents of an "Ubuntu Installation DVD".
-
-<img src="static/installation/0_create_vm_0_download_ubuntu.png" width="80%" align="center">
-
-Next, create a new virtual machine in VirtualBox
-    by clicking on the blue "New" button in the toolbar on the top.
-Note that the screenshots of VirtualBox's overview window below
-    already show an older virtual machine running Windows 10.
-
-<img src="static/installation/0_create_vm_1_overview_without_new_machine.png" width="80%" align="center">
-
-A helper widget opens.
-Specify the following settings:
-1. Name the virtual machine (e.g. "*Ubuntu_21.04*")
-   and choose a folder on your personal computer
-       where the virtual machine's data are stored
-       (e.g. "*/home/webartifex/vboxes*").
-   The type and version should already be set automatically.
-2. Choose the amount of memory (i.e., RAM)
-   that the virtual machine is allowed to use:
-   This should be around 33% to 66% of your personal computer's capacity
-   (if unsure, take the recommended default).
-3. Create a *new* virtual hard disk,
-4. keep the hard disk file type as "*VDI*",
-5. have the storage on the physical hard disk allocated *dynamically*, and
-6. choose a big enough maximum size for the file holding the virtual hard disk
-   (10-25 GB is sufficient to follow this course).
-   Dynamic disk space allocation means that
-       not all of this space is used right away on your personal computer.
-
-<img src="static/installation/0_create_vm_2_name.png" width="60%" align="center">
-
-<img src="static/installation/0_create_vm_3_memory.png" width="60%" align="center">
-
-<img src="static/installation/0_create_vm_4_hard_disk.png" width="60%" align="center">
-
-<img src="static/installation/0_create_vm_5_hard_disk_type.png" width="60%" align="center">
-
-<img src="static/installation/0_create_vm_6_dynamic_allocation.png" width="60%" align="center">
-
-<img src="static/installation/0_create_vm_7_hard_disk_size.png" width="60%" align="center">
-
-After this, the new virtual machine should show up in the overview.
-
-<img src="static/installation/0_create_vm_8_overview_with_new_machine.png" width="80%" align="center">
-
-To start the new virtual machine,
-    click on the green "Start" arrow in the toolbar
-    while the machine is selected on the left.
-A second VirtualBox window opens showing the virtual machine's screen.
-On the first start-up, a widget should come up automatically
-    (see next paragraph if the widget does not appear)
-    asking to select a start-up disk (i.e., a CD or DVD)
-    from which the empty virtual machine should boot up.
-Choose the downloaded ISO file from above
-    (if it is not already found automatically)
-    and proceed by clicking on "Start".
-Continue with the "[Install Ubuntu](#install-ubuntu)" step below.
-
-<img src="static/installation/1_first_boot_0_select_startup_disk.png" width="60%" align="center">
-
-
-### Inserting CDs/DVDs
-
-If the "Select start-up disk" widget does *not* show up automatically,
-    the virtual machine will *not* boot at all.
-After all, its hard drive is empty and no DVD/ISO is "laid in".
-So, its screen remains black.
-In that case, close the window with the running virtual machine:
-    In the prompt, choose the "Power off the machine" option.
-Then, in the overview,
-    click on the orange "Settings" button in the toolbar
-    while the machine is selected on the left.
-A "Settings" widget opens: Choose the "Storage" tab on the left.
-There, click on the round disk symbol to the right of "Controller: IDE",
-    which opens another "Optical Disk Selector" widget.
-In that, click on the "Add" button,
-    choose the downloaded ISO file from above, and
-    click on "Choose" to confirm the selection.
-Now, you should see the ISO file's name
-    below the "Controller: IDE" option in the middle.
-Finally, close the "Settings" menu by clicking "Ok"
-    and start the virtual machine again.
-
-<img src="static/installation/1_first_boot_1_overview_with_new_machine.png" width="80%" align="center">
-
-<img src="static/installation/1_first_boot_2_settings.png" width="60%" align="center">
-
-<img src="static/installation/1_first_boot_3_choose_iso.png" width="60%" align="center">
-
-<img src="static/installation/1_first_boot_4_confirm.png" width="60%" align="center">
-
-
-## Install Ubuntu
-
-With the Ubuntu Installation DVD/ISO "laid in",
-    the virtual machine should now boot up properly
-    and stop at a "Welcome" screen.
-There, click on the "Install Ubuntu" button.
-You may want to choose a language other than "English".
-
-**Note**: Once you click somewhere with your mouse inside a virtual machine,
-    the mouse pointer is said to be "captured" by that machine and
-    you can *not* leave the virtual machine any more with your mouse.
-Then, you must press the so-called **host key** first.
-By default, this is the right "*Ctrl*" key on your keyboard.
-
-<img src="static/installation/2_install_ubuntu_0_welcome.png" width="80%" align="center">
-
-Sometimes, the boot process "hangs" at a black "boot loader" screen.
-If so, simply choose the "Ubuntu" option
-    with your keyboard's arrow and "Enter" keys.
-That should take you to the above "Welcome" screen.
-
-<img src="static/installation/2_install_ubuntu_1_boot_loader.png" width="80%" align="center">
-
-From the "Welcome" screen, follow the installation guide:
-1. Choose a keyboard layout corresponding to your *physical* computer,
-2. select "Minimal Installation" including the "other options",
-3. erase the virtual hard disk,
-4. specify where you are located,
-5. create a user account to sign on,
-6. wait for the installation to finish, and
-7. remove the Installation DVD/ISO
-   (by right-clicking on the gray disk symbol below the screen
-    and choosing "Remove ...";
-    it may be that this happens automatically).
-
-<img src="static/installation/2_install_ubuntu_2_keyboard_layout.png" width="80%" align="center">
-
-<img src="static/installation/2_install_ubuntu_3_packages.png" width="80%" align="center">
-
-<img src="static/installation/2_install_ubuntu_4_clean_install_0.png" width="80%" align="center">
-
-<img src="static/installation/2_install_ubuntu_4_clean_install_1.png" width="80%" align="center">
-
-<img src="static/installation/2_install_ubuntu_5_location.png" width="80%" align="center">
-
-<img src="static/installation/2_install_ubuntu_6_user.png" width="80%" align="center">
-
-<img src="static/installation/2_install_ubuntu_7_finish_0.png" width="80%" align="center">
-
-<img src="static/installation/2_install_ubuntu_7_finish_1.png" width="80%" align="center">
-
-<img src="static/installation/2_install_ubuntu_8_restart.png" width="80%" align="center">
-
-
-### Configure Ubuntu
-
-After installation, the virtual machine may reboot automatically.
-If not, simple start it again.
-This takes you to the login screen.
-Sign on with the credentials you specified during installation.
-
-<img src="static/installation/3_configure_ubuntu_0_first_startup.png" width="80%" align="center">
-
-If an "Update" widget appears in the next moments,
-    simply ignore it by clicking "Remind me later".
-You will learn how to update an Ubuntu system from the command line further below.
-
-<img src="static/installation/3_configure_ubuntu_1_update.png" width="60%" align="center">
-
-After the first sign-on, a "First Steps" wizard pops up.
-As Ubuntu is only installed on a virtual machine,
-    do not connect to any online accounts,
-    turn off the background telemetry (e.g., crash reports), and
-    disable the location services.
-
-<img src="static/installation/3_configure_ubuntu_2_wizard_0_online_accounts.png" width="80%" align="center">
-
-<img src="static/installation/3_configure_ubuntu_2_wizard_1_telemetry.png" width="80%" align="center">
-
-<img src="static/installation/3_configure_ubuntu_2_wizard_2_location_share.png" width="80%" align="center">
-
-<img src="static/installation/3_configure_ubuntu_2_wizard_3_apps.png" width="80%" align="center">
-
-Next, open the application launcher
-    by clicking on the dots in the lower left corner,
-    seach for the "Terminal" app,
-    and open it.
-
-<img src="static/installation/3_configure_ubuntu_3_terminal_0.png" width="80%" align="center">
-
-<img src="static/installation/3_configure_ubuntu_3_terminal_1.png" width="80%" align="center">
-
-
-### Update Ubuntu
-
-The first thing you want to always do after a fresh installation
-    is to check for available updates.
-The command to enter in the terminal is `sudo apt update`.
-`sudo` is simply the Linux way of saying
-    "the following command needs administrator privileges".
-`apt` is Ubuntu's default program to manage the installed [software packages <img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_wiki.png">](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Package_manager).
-The sub-command `update` checks if updates are available.
-Using `sudo` implies that you have to enter your user's password in the terminal.
-
-<img src="static/installation/4_update_ubuntu_0_apt_update_0.png" width="80%" align="center">
-
-<img src="static/installation/4_update_ubuntu_0_apt_update_1.png" width="80%" align="center">
-
-As we can tell from the previous screenshot,
-    there are packages that can be upgraded.
-To start the upgrade process, type `sudo apt upgrade`.
-The terminal then asks if it should proceed
-    while listing all the packages to be upgraded.
-Press the "Enter" key to continue.
-
-<img src="static/installation/4_update_ubuntu_1_apt_upgrade_0.png" width="80%" align="center">
-
-<img src="static/installation/4_update_ubuntu_1_apt_upgrade_1.png" width="80%" align="center">
-
-<img src="static/installation/4_update_ubuntu_1_apt_upgrade_2.png" width="80%" align="center">
-
-<img src="static/installation/4_update_ubuntu_1_apt_upgrade_3.png" width="80%" align="center">
-
-Commonly, when individual packages are upgraded,
-    they may not need some other package any more to work.
-In general, we say that if package *A* needs package *B* to function correctly,
-    package *B* is a [dependency <img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_wiki.png">](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coupling_%28computer_programming%29) of package *A*.
-The command `sudo apt autoremove` removes unneeded packages
-    from the virtual machine, freeing some of its hard drive's storage.
-
-<img src="static/installation/4_update_ubuntu_2_apt_autoremove_0.png" width="80%" align="center">
-
-<img src="static/installation/4_update_ubuntu_2_apt_autoremove_1.png" width="80%" align="center">
-
-<img src="static/installation/4_update_ubuntu_2_apt_autoremove_2.png" width="80%" align="center">
-
-Finally, after the system upgrade, restart the machine.
-You can do that
-    by clicking on the tray icons in the upper right corner
-    and using the provided graphical options.
-
-<img src="static/installation/4_update_ubuntu_3_restart.png" width="80%" align="center">
-
-Congratulations!
-You now have a virtual machine running the latest Ubuntu Linux.
-
-
-## Install VirtualBox's Guest Additions
-
-In order to make the newly created *virtual* Ubuntu machine,
-    which takes the role of the **guest** system,
-    interact seamlessly with your *physical* computer,
-    which takes the role of the **host** system,
-    you can (and should) install VirtualBox's [Guest Additions](https://www.virtualbox.org/manual/ch04.html).
-One example for a seamless integration is
-    that the guest system's screen resolution auto-adjusts
-    whenever you resize the VirtualBox window in that it is running.
-
-To install the Guest Additions,
-    first start the virtual machine and sign in.
-Then, choose the "Insert Guest Additions CD image ..." in the "Devices" menu
-    in the enclosing VirtualBox window.
-Just to state the maybe obvious:
-    This menu option is *not* available in the Ubuntu system.
-Depending on your host system, the menu may look different.
-If this option does not exist at all,
-    you could also "insert" the Guest Additions CD
-    as described in the "[Inserting CDs/DVDs](#inserting-cdsdvds)" section above.
-You may be prompted to download the Guest Additions ISO file first.
-
-<img src="static/installation/5_guest_additions_0_insert_disk_0.png" width="80%" align="center">
-
-<img src="static/installation/5_guest_additions_0_insert_disk_1.png" width="40%" align="center">
-
-<img src="static/installation/5_guest_additions_0_insert_disk_2.png" width="40%" align="center">
-
-The Ubuntu guest system should automatically detect
-    that the inserted CD has an auto-run option.
-Simply, click "Run" and confirm the action with your user's password.
-
-<img src="static/installation/5_guest_additions_1_autostart.png" width="80%" align="center">
-
-A script is run inside a terminal window.
-Wait until this is finished and hit the "Enter" key.
-
-<img src="static/installation/5_guest_additions_2_install.png" width="80%" align="center">
-
-After the installation of the Guest Additions,
-    do not forget to eject the CD
-    by right-clicking on the disk symbol and selecting "Eject".
-
-<img src="static/installation/5_guest_additions_3_eject.png" width="80%" align="center">
-
-
-### Add a Shared Folder
-
-Another benefit of installing the Guest Additions is
-    that you can set up a shared folder
-    between your physical host system and the virtual Ubuntu guest system.
-You can use that, for example,
-    to back up SQL files created inside the virtual machine
-    in your common file system.
-
-First, power off the machine
-    and open the "Settings" widget with the orange "Settings" button in the toolbar.
-There, go to the "Shared Folders" tab on the left.
-Then, click on the "Add Folder" symbol on the right,
-    and choose a folder on your personal computer's file system
-    (e.g., a good choice could be your "Desktop" folder).
-Also, check the "Auto-mount" option.
-
-<img src="static/installation/6_shared_folder_0.png" width="60%" align="center">
-
-<img src="static/installation/6_shared_folder_1.png" width="40%" align="center">
-
-<img src="static/installation/6_shared_folder_2.png" width="60%" align="center">
-
-After signing in the next time,
-    Ubuntu's file browser should show you the shared folder
-    (i.e., "*sf_shared*" in the screenshot below)
-    as an external drive (i.e., that's why the "Eject" symbol is next to "*sf_shared*").
-
-<img src="static/installation/6_shared_folder_3.png" width="80%" align="center">
-
-
-## Install PostgreSQL Server
-
-With a ready Ubuntu installation it is now time
-    to install and set up a [PostgreSQL](https://www.postgresql.org/) server.
-
-To do so, open a new terminal window in the virtual machine
-    and run the `sudo apt install postgresql postgresql-contrib` command.
-The `install` sub-command of the `apt` program does what we expect it to.
-While the `postgresql` package contains all the basic features,
-    the `postgresql-contrib` package offers some common [additional modules](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/10/contrib.html).
-
-<img src="static/installation/7_install_postgres_0.png" width="80%" align="center">
-
-<img src="static/installation/7_install_postgres_1.png" width="80%" align="center">
-
-<img src="static/installation/7_install_postgres_2.png" width="80%" align="center">
-
-<img src="static/installation/7_install_postgres_3.png" width="80%" align="center">
-
-With the command `sudo service postgresql status` one can check
-    if Postgres is running as a service on the virtual machine.
-To exit the status view, press the "q" key.
-
-<img src="static/installation/7_install_postgres_4.png" width="80%" align="center">
-
-
-## Install Git
-
-To clone the [GitHub repository <img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_gh.png">](https://github.com/webartifex/intro-to-sql)
-        with the materials for this course,
-    you must first install the [git](https://git-scm.com/) utility.
-`git` is a so-called **[version control <img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_wiki.png">](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Version_control)** software.
-
-To do so, run the command `sudo apt install git` in a terminal.
-
-<img src="static/installation/8_install_git_0.png" width="80%" align="center">
-
-<img src="static/installation/8_install_git_1.png" width="80%" align="center">
-
-<img src="static/installation/8_install_git_2.png" width="80%" align="center">
-
-To check if `git` works,
-    you could run a command like `git --version`
-    that simply shows the installed version of `git`.
-
-<img src="static/installation/8_install_git_3.png" width="80%" align="center">
-
-`git` is a tool worth learning about in detail.
-As a reading recommendation,
-    the best source for an introduction to `git`
-    is probably the official [online book](https://git-scm.com/book/en/v2/).
-
-
-### Configure Git
-
-To get `git` to work in our virtual machine,
-    we must at least go through the [First-time Git Setup](https://git-scm.com/book/en/v2/Getting-Started-First-Time-Git-Setup) chapter
-    in the official book.
-In summary,
-    you simply have to specify your name and email (or anonymous substitutes)
-    in a terminal with the following commands:
-- `git config --global user.name "<your name>"` and
-- `git config --global user.email "<your email>"`.
-
-To check if the configuration is stored, run `git config --list`.
-
-<img src="static/installation/9_configure_git.png" width="80%" align="center">
-
-
-### Download the Course Materials
-
-To obtain your own copy of the course materials,
-    you must "[clone](https://git-scm.com/book/en/v2/Git-Basics-Getting-a-Git-Repository)"
-    the [GitHub repository <img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_gh.png">](https://github.com/webartifex/intro-to-sql)
-        with the materials.
-That is done with the command `git clone https://github.com/webartifex/intro-to-sql.git`.
-In the screenshot,
-    you see this done
-    after going into the virtual machine's "Desktop" folder with `cd Desktop/`.
-Alternatively, you could clone the repository into your user's home folder
-    (i.e., what the `~` means).
-
-<img src="static/installation/10_download_materials.png" width="80%" align="center">
-
-
-## Verify Python works
-
-As this course also shows
-    how to embed a database like Postgres
-    in a typical backend application,
-    written, for example, in [Python <img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_py.png">](https://www.python.org/),
-    we need to ensure that we can start a Python process.
-
-By default, recent Ubuntu versions
-    come with [Python 3 <img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_py.png">](https://docs.python.org/3/) pre-installed.
-The command `sudo apt install python3` confirms that:
-    The `python3` package is already there.
-
-<img src="static/installation/11_install_python_0.png" width="80%" align="center">
-
-<img src="static/installation/11_install_python_1.png" width="80%" align="center">
-
-We could just as well start an interactive Python shell
-    with the simple `python3` command.
-
-<img src="static/installation/11_install_python_2.png" width="80%" align="center">
-
-Typing `python` for short instead fails.
-This command used to point to the Python 2 installation, which has been discontinued.
-
-<img src="static/installation/11_install_python_3.png" width="80%" align="center">
-
-For convenience, install the `python-is-python3` package.
-Then, you may use the `python` and `python3` commands interchangeably.
-
-<img src="static/installation/11_install_python_4.png" width="80%" align="center">
-
-<img src="static/installation/11_install_python_5.png" width="80%" align="center">
-
-Congratulations!
-You are now all set to follow this course and learn about SQL.
-

README.md

@@ -3,42 +3,5 @@
 This project is a *thorough* introductory course
     in **[SQL <img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_wiki.png">](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL)**
     and **[databases <img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_wiki.png">](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Database)**
-    based on the free and open-source database **[PostgreSQL <img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_postgres.png">](https://www.postgresql.org/)** (or "Postgres" for short).
+    based on the free and open-source database [PostgreSQL <img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_postgres.png">](https://www.postgresql.org/).
-
-
-## Installation
-
-To follow this course, an installation of **PostgreSQL 13** or higher is expected.
-If you know how to do this on your own machine,
-    you may do so at your own discretion.
-Yet, to ensure that
-    each student has a development environment
-    similar to the instructor's one,
-    follow this *extensive* **[installation tutorial](INSTALL.md)**
-    and set up a [virtual machine <img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_wiki.png">](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_machine)
-    with all the required software on it.
-The estimated time for this should be around *one hour*.
-
-
-## Contributing
-
-Feedback **is highly encouraged** and will be incorporated.
-Open an issue in the [issues tracker <img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_gh.png">](https://github.com/webartifex/intro-to-sql/issues)
-    or initiate a [pull request <img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_gh.png">](https://help.github.com/en/articles/about-pull-requests)
-    if you are familiar with the concept.
-Simple issues that *anyone* can **help fix** are, for example,
-    **spelling mistakes** or **broken links**.
-If you feel that some topic is missing entirely, you may also mention that.
-The materials here are considered a **permanent work-in-progress**.
-
-
-## About the Author
-
-Alexander Hess is a PhD student
-    at the Chair of Logistics Management at [WHU - Otto Beisheim School of Management](https://www.whu.edu)
-    where he conducts research on urban delivery platforms
-    and teaches coding and data science courses
-    based on Python & SQL in the BSc and MBA programs.
-
-Connect with him on [LinkedIn](https://www.linkedin.com/in/webartifex).
 

static/installation/README.md

@@ -1,3 +0,0 @@
-This folder contains screenshots
-used to describe the installation of a Ubuntu
-inside a VirtualBox machine.